Negotiation of psycho-social risks of remote working. An enterprise-level comparison in Italy and France

The article focuses on how the actors of industrial relations acted at firmlevel in multi-national company, Danone, in two different institutional contexts (Italy and France), in order to set rules and procedures aimed to mitigate the negative psycho-social consequences of remote working adopted during Covid-19 pandemic. In particular, it examines what was the role of firm-level industrial relations in setting specific oriented actions and what were the relations between these, global policies of the company and national level policies about health and safety and in general the institutional context. It emerges the importance of informality of relations between actors in helping to face an emergency together with the role of global policies of the company that seems to overcomes the different national institutional contexts.

Negative Integration Is What States Make of It? Tackling Labour Exploitation in the German Meat Sector

In this article, we trace Germany's recent reform (and its precursors) seeking to remedy precarious working conditions in the meat sector. Focusing on an extreme case of labour exploitation, and asking how unique it is, allows us to uncover which institutional features of EU Member States condition the liberalization effects of negative integration. We thereby contribute to the literature on Europeanization, which has mainly emphasized weak industrial relations to account for the German meat industry's reliance on cheap migrant labour. Complicated enforcement structures, demanding requirements of administrative cooperation, and the complexities of an evolving case law, we argue, further contributed to the precarious conditions of migrant workers in Germany. Major COVID outbreaks in slaughterhouses created the political momentum for reform which specifically addresses this administrative side of labour protection, but remains limited to the meat sector – despite similar patterns of labour exploitation elsewhere.

Guest editorial: The world of contemporary work and the digital economy

The Fourth Industrial Revolution has been shaping the new digital economy, platform economy or shared economy (Gandini, 2018;Fleming, 2017), starting with the rise and interconnection among innovations, technologies and devices, like IoT (Internet of Things), artificial intelligence (AI), as digital clouds, additive manufacturing (3D printing), cyber-physical systems, autonomous robotization, etc., which connect people, objects and systems, in an intense data exchange through digital media, at ever-growing speed. [...]a vast reflection and research field emerges, aiming at understanding the new impact of this configuration onto the organizational and work world, as means to identify what is permanent and what is variant, critical issues and potentialities, compromises and contradictions influencing the work processes, work organization, subjectivity construction per se, groups interaction and society cohesion. The fifth article analyses the influence of tele-commuting and management control systems on objective congruence, building on a survey conducted among employees of the Brazilian Federal Public Ministry. [...]we close this issue with a systematic bibliographic review article that aims at analyzing studies connecting Circular Economy and Industry 4.0, in the current worrisome scenario.

The Teacher as Union Member and Professional Educator: The Continuing Challenge of Bread and Butter and Professionalism

Teachers are central to education;they stand at the crossroads of education. It is chiefly through their efforts that the goals of education are achieved or thwarted. Susan Moore Johnson, Harvard Graduate School Professor of Education, sagely wrote just over 30 years ago, "Who Teaches Matters” (Teachers at work: Achieving success in our schools. Basic Books, New York, 1990, p. xii). Eric Hanushek concurs writing, "First, teachers are very important;no other measured aspect of schools is nearly as important in determining student achievement” (The economic value of higher teacher quality. National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research, Calder The Urban Institute, Washington, DC, 2010, p. 3). The COVID-19 pandemic with its shutdown of many schools brought to the forefront the importance of teachers interacting with their students in classroom settings. Try as the teachers may, their virtual presence was a questionable substitute for the personal dynamics created by teachers with their students. Teachers consider themselves to be professionals, providing a fundamental service, and seek to present themselves to the public as professionals. Juxtaposed to the critical importance of the teacher is the fact that public school teachers are part of a heavily unionized workforce. For some, there is a challenge between being a professional educator and being a member of a union. Dana Goldstein, in The Teacher Wars: A History of America's Most Embattled Profession, asked, "Could unionized teachers fight for their own interests as workers for the educational interests of the city's children? Or were those two priorities at odds?" (The teacher wars: a history of America's most embattled profession. Doubleday, New York, 2014, p. 74). Essentially, is unionization organized in a way that supports the professionalism of teachers? DeMitchell and Cobb, in their study of unions and teacher professionalism, ask, "[Are] teacher unionism and collective bargaining compatible with teacher perceptions of professionalism?" (West's Educ Law Reporter 212:1-20, 2006, p. 19). This chapter explores the challenges of unions and teachers in developing and sustaining the union, which balances the traditional and legitimate responsibility that unions owe to the educators they represent while supporting the professional responsibility of the teachers to act in the best interests of their students. The discussion will begin with an exploration of professionalism - what does it mean to be a professional. Next, the rise of teacher unionization and the divergent paths of the National Education Association and the American Federation of Teachers in relation to professionalism and unionization will be discussed. The organizing principle of the emerging state collective bargaining laws formats public sector laws consistent with the industrial union model of private sector unionization and the impact of industrial unionism on teachers and teaching. The chapter concludes with a review of DeMitchell and Cobb's research on the tangled fit of being both a union member and a professional educator. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

State policy in the sphere of legal regulation of labor under conditions of digitalization of economy

Digitalization creates new challenges for public policy in the regulation of labor relations. The purpose of the article is to identify the most complex problems associated with the introduction of information and communication technologies in labor relations, and to outline ways of their legislative solution. For this purpose the analysis of Russian and foreign scientific literature, labor legislation, judicial practice, documents of the International Labor Organization, including those adopted in 2020 in response to threats to labor relations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is used. The inefficient use of already available electronic resources for the implementation of electronic case management is noted. The idea of the need to extend modern technology not only to the electronic exchange of documents, but also to their creation, storage, processing is supported. It is concluded that it is inexpedient to use an enhanced electronic signature of an employee in labor relations, in connection with which it is proposed to use special digital platforms supported by the state. It is proposed to gradually get rid of the practice of duplicating electronic and traditional "paper” records management. Relationships formed in the process of application of distant labor contain all the classical features of the employment relationship, which is facilitated by the employer's use of modern means of control over the behavior of the employee. Digital technologies create new opportunities for the use of labor resources and make it possible to include new forms of employment in the scope of labor legislation, where to a greater or lesser degree there is economic, organizational dependence of the executor (employee) on the customer (employer), based on innovative means of control and management, as well as the dependant's need for traditional means of social protection. Differentiation and decentralization of legal regulation is proposed to maintain the stability of labor relations. © 2023 Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta, Yazyk i Literatura. All rights reserved.

State policy in the sphere of legal regulation of labor under conditions of digitalization of economy br

Digitalization creates new challenges for public policy in the regulation of labor relations. The purpose of the article is to identify the most complex problems associated with the introduc-tion of information and communication technologies in labor relations, and to outline ways of their legislative solution. For this purpose the analysis of Russian and foreign scientific literature, labor legislation, judicial practice, documents of the International Labor Organiza-tion, including those adopted in 2020 in response to threats to labor relations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is used. The inefficient use of already available electronic resources for the implementation of electronic case management is noted. The idea of the need to extend modern technology not only to the electronic exchange of documents, but also to their crea-tion, storage, processing is supported. It is concluded that it is inexpedient to use an enhanced electronic signature of an employee in labor relations, in connection with which it is proposed to use special digital platforms supported by the state. It is proposed to gradually get rid of the practice of duplicating electronic and traditional "paper" records management. Relationships formed in the process of application of distant labor contain all the classical features of the em-ployment relationship, which is facilitated by the employer's use of modern means of control over the behavior of the employee. Digital technologies create new opportunities for the use of labor resources and make it possible to include new forms of employment in the scope of labor legislation, where to a greater or lesser degree there is economic, organizational dependence of the executor (employee) on the customer (employer), based on innovative means of control and management, as well as the dependant's need for traditional means of social protection. Differentiation and decentralization of legal regulation is proposed to maintain the stability of labor relations.

Interessenpolitik in der Corona-Krise

Der Beitrag beleuchtet die Rolle der Mitbestimmung in der Ausnahmesituation der Pandemie. Anhand von exemplarischen Befunden aus drei Handlungsfeldern – der Entwicklung und Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zum Infektionsschutz, der Stabilisierung der Beschäftigung sowie der Verlagerung von Arbeit ins Homeoffice – wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob die Beteiligung am betrieblichen Krisenmanagement zu einer Stärkung oder Schwächung der Interessenvertretung führt. Die Befunde zeigen eine aktive und häufig auch als erfolgreich wahrgenommene Betriebsratsarbeit, sie zeigen aber auch erhebliche Branchenunterschiede, fortgesetzte Spaltungstendenzen und erweiterte Beteiligungsoptionen, denen die Verankerung in der Mitbestimmung fehlt. Dies deutet auf Pfadabhängigkeiten einer Mitbestimmung im Krisenmodus hin.Alternate :This paper deals with the role of co-determination in the extraordinary situation of the pandemic. Presenting exemplary findings from three fields of action, i.e. development and implementation of measures for infection prevention, stabilization of employment, and relocation of work into the home office, the paper addresses the question whether participation in crisis management leads to a strengthening or weakening of the workersʼ interest representation. The empirical findings reveal an active role of the works councils which in most cases has been perceived as successful. On the other hand, there are also indications of significant differences according to branches, continued tendencies toward fragmentation, and extended participation options lacking anchoring in the codetermination norms and institutions. These results point to path dependencies of codetermination in the crisis mode.

Pathways for advancing good work in food systems: reflecting on the international good work for good food forum

The crucial roles that workers, especially seasonal and migrant workers, play in our food systems have come under renewed attention in recent years. The coronavirus pandemic resulted in food workers being recognized as critical or essential workers in many countries. In 2021, this coincided with the UN International Year of Fruits and Vegetables (IYFV), highlighting the importance of horticultural crops to healthy lives globally. Yet, workers' quality of life in this most labor-intensive form of food production is often disregarded, or in the case of the UN IYFV, misconstrued. The agriculture-migration nexus-on which food systems depend-remains recognized as a challenge, yet there is limited debate about how it could be ameliorated and a lack of articulation of desirable alternatives. While alternative food and peasant movements propose food system transformation and alternative labor futures based on agroecology, labor lawyers and other advocates propose regulation and formalization of workplace regimes to ensure fair working conditions. Most recently, a third possibility has emerged from agri-tech innovators: a techno-centric future with far fewer agricultural workers. These three archetypes of agricultural labor futures (agroecological, formally regulated, and techno-centric) have the potential to leave food scholars and activists without a unified, coherent vision to advance. Addressing this gap, this paper reports and builds on insights harvested from the international Good Work for Good Food Forum, organized by the authors with the aim of shaping consensus on positive visions for work in food systems. About 40 scholar-activists across three continents discussed the current challenges facing food workers and crafted a collective vision for good food work. This vision is documented in the form of nine principles supported by a framework of seven enabling pathways. We conclude by emphasizing the need for a people-centered incorporation of technology and a re-valuation of food workers' contributions to global food systems. We offer the vision as a collective platform for action to advocate for and organize with workers in food systems.

Socio-ecological value chain resilience and cleaning workers

Examining the ways that industries survived the COVID-19 pandemic can teach us a great deal about the resilience of value chains, the ways value chain dynamics shape worker resilience, and the measures states can adopt to support both. In this paper we critically examine the thriving body of theory known broadly as supply chain resilience and explore a branch that embraces socio-ecological perspectives. We first develop a theoretical model that takes what we perceive to be the most fruitful elements of these literatures for industrial relations scholarship and bring it together with approaches tangential to industrial relations concerned with value chain actor and worker agency and resilience. We then apply this model in an analysis of the Australian commercial cleaning sector during the pandemic. Finally, we assess federal and state measures to assist and "buffer” employment and the economy in Australia, including JobKeeper and JobSeeker. We find that these government measures, combined with earlier restructuring of the labour market and restrictive immigration policies, provided the institutional scaffolding for the failure of the cleaning industry during the pandemic, exactly when cleaning became an essential service for the resilience of the whole of society.

Economic activity of the rural population: a case study of Ukraine

In the article determined and substantiated that the public opinion that the residents of rural areas, due to less strict observance of the regime of quarantine COVID restrictions on economic activity, lower population density in the settlement network, and technological features of agriculture, suffered smaller losses in terms of employment and income than other strata, turned out to be too optimistic. According to the results of the study, social alienation is increasing as a result of the deterioration of the entire spectrum of social and labour relations. Further research on the chosen subject may be related to strengthening the institutional capacity and financial self-sufficiency of communities due to the decentralization of powers and resources, the transition to a two-level model of inter-budgetary relations, the development of local self-government and changes in the administrative-territorial system, overcoming the social alienation of self-employed persons, provision of force majeure in circumstances similar to the COVID pandemic, economic access to food, health care services, education, culture, transport, and digital infrastructure.

MEDIA REPORTING OF LABOUR SHORTAGES IN UK HORTICULTURE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE USE OF WARTIME METAPHORS IN THE SELECTIVE UNVEILING OF PRECARIOUS WORK/WORKERS

Over the 21st century almost all of the UK's harvest labour has been foreign-bom. The COVID-19 crisis (from March 2020) threatened UK food security by limiting this supply of low-wage foreign labour into the UK. In response a national campaign was launched to get a domestic 'Land Army' to 'Feed the Nation' and 'Pick for Britain' (the three main epithets used). The article profiles this campaign. We show that the COVID-19 crisis put low-wage harvest labour into the spotlight when this labour is usually hidden from public view. Potentially, such unveiling could have challenged the economics of the food production system. However, we argue that the rupture was stage-managed by invoking a wartime rhetoric and three key concomitant roles of the victim-hero farmer, the good migrant, and the reluctant British-based understudy. These emphasised the valiant nature of harvest work and framed migrant workers as (temporary) heroes helping to save the nation. In contrast, British-based workers' reluctance to embrace precarious work was framed as personal deficiency rather than a structural failure to create decent jobs. In all, the spotlight cast on the low-wage rural economy by the COVID-19 crisis was carefully targeted and stage-managed and did not challenge the persistence of precarious horticultural work. Copyright © 2022 CSIC.

Liber Amicorum Manfred Weiss

Liber Amicorum Manfred Weiss by Marius Olivier, Nicola Smit, and Evance Kalula (Cape Town, South Africa, Juta, 2021, 395 pp.).

Class, Capitalism and Inequality: Schooling and Education in Neo-Liberal, Neoconservative and Neo- Fascist COVID Times: A Classical Marxist Critical Analysis and Activist Programme

This article focuses on a particular group in capitalist society that is disabled, demeaned and denied by capitalism itself, through processes of economic exploitation, systematic and systemic class exclusion, and discrimination/ prejudice- that is- the working class. In doing so I recognise that the working class (defined as all those who sell their/ our labour power) is segmented horizontally into `layers', or strata (for example, the dispossessed, unemployed, unskilled, though to the supervisory. managerial level/ stratum) and also vertically, for example, by `race' and by gender, with particular ethnic groups, and women in general, disabled and oppressed and exploited to a greater degree than their/ our white, male sisters and brothers). Analysing from a Classical Marxist perspective I address the structures of the capitalist state through which this exclusion and 'subalternising' is imposed, through formal state structures such as education, media, the panoply of state force and class law, as well as through the material power of the capitalist class, expressed through, for example, wage suppression and enforced immiseration of the majority of the working class. In doing so I address two types of neo-Marxist analysis- 'Structuralist neo-Marxism' and 'Culturalist neo-Marxism', and the dialectical relationship between them. They differ on such matters as: the degree of `relative autonomy' for resistant agency, the relative impact and import of cultural-ideological as against structural- material analysis, and the salience or not of social class analysis, the Capital-Labour relation, vis-a vis other forms of oppression such as `race, and gender', and their implications for political resistance and organisation at the cultural-ideological level and at the level of power, the material power to reform and revolutionise economic and social relations of Capital. I propose an activist programme of resistance at two levels. Firstly, societal level, looking at Marxists such as Marx and Engels, Rosa Luxemburg, Lenin, Trotsky and the dialectical relationship between Reform and Revolution. Secondly, at the level of Education, both formal and informal (through social movements, political parties, trade unions, through public pedagogy for example). Within the formal education structures, I advance specific proposals regarding schooling and teacher education. This is a panoptic paper- the issues above are linked in terms of Classical Marxist analysis of capitalism, class exploitation and oppression, and the implications of such analysis for the praxis and politics of resistance.

Sustainability of EU Labour Markets During the Coronavirus Crisis

The purpose of this article is to explore the differences that exist between the exercise of the right to work by refugees and migrant workers under EU law, and to examine the existing differences between these categories under international law. The leading method of research used in the article is the method of comparison. It was used to analyze the differences in the legal regulation and implementation of the right to work by refugees and migrant workers in the EU. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the definition and legal regulation of the terms refugee and migrant worker. The author defines the classification of types of migration and proves the conclusion that economic motives are the most frequent reason for migration. At the same time, the author argues that refugees and labor migrants are different concepts in terms of labor legislation. Therefore, they have different legal status and, accordingly, different frameworks for exercising their rights. Besides, the author as an example considered Polish legislation, which regulates both the issues of labor migration and realization of labor rights of refugees, especially in the context of war in Ukraine, which is also reflected in the results of work and conclusions to the article. The materials obtained as a result of the study can be used in law- making activities to improve the national labor legislation of Ukraine on the example of the considered legal acts, as well as taking into account the European vector of development of Ukraine.

THE INTRICATE SYSTEMIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE LABOR MARKET, LABOR RELATIONS, AND HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN A PANDEMIC CONTEXT

O artigo analisa como as organizaçöes interpretam as relaçöes sistemicas envolvendo o mercado e relaçöes de trabalho em suas estrategias de gestao de recursos humanos (GRH) na pandemia da Covid-19. Por meio de abordagem qualitativa, realizaram-se quatro grupos focais com 24 gestores de pessoas e entrevistas com quatro representantes sindicais em tres regiöes do Brasil: Sul (Joinville, SC), Nordeste (Fortaleza, CE) e Centro-Oeste (Brasilia, DF). Os achados indicam lacunas de conhecimento das áreas de GRH sobre mercado e relaçöes de trabalho, práticas similares de GRH em patamares distintos e institucionalizadas por repertorio comum, enquanto os sindicatos adaptam-se a nova legislaçao trabalhista. O contexto pandémico trouxe mudanças estruturais, como o teletrabalho, ajuste a legislaçao e organizaçao do trabalho, e também mudanças comportamentais, e efeitos na saúde do trabalhador. O estudo contribui teoricamente ao discutir a GRH sob a abordagem institucional;metodologicamente propicia pesquisas comparativas;e empíricamente ilustra como acontece a GRH em distintas regiöes do Pais.Alternate :El articulo analiza cómo las organizaciones interpretan las relaciones sistémicas que involucran el mercado de trabajo y las relaciones laborales en sus estrategias de gestión de recursos humanos (GRH) en el contexto de la pandemia COVID19. A través de un enfoque cualitativo, se realizaron cuatro grupos focales con 24 gestores de personas y entrevistas con cuatro representantes sindicales en tres regiones de Brasil: Sur (Joinville, SC), Nordeste (Fortaleza, CE), y Centro-Oeste (Brasilia, DF). Los hallazgos indican lagunas de conocimiento en las áreas de GRH sobre el mercado y las relaciones laborales, prácticas similares de GRH en diferentes niveles, institucionalizadas por un repertorio común, mientras los sindicatos se adaptan a la nueva legislación laboral. El contexto de la pandemia trajo cambios estructurales (e. g.: teletrabajo, ajuste a la legislación y organización del trabajo) y conductuales, incluida la salud de los trabajadores. El estudio contribuye teóricamente al ampliar el análisis de la GRH bajo el enfoque institucional;metodológicamente al propiciar las investigaciones comparativa;y empiricamente al ilustrar cómo funciona la gestión de recursos humanos en diferentes regiones del pais.Alternate :The article analyzes how organizations interpret the systemic relationships between the labor market and labor relations in human resource management (HRM) strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research adopted a qualitative approach, carrying out four focus groups with 24 people managers and interviewing four union representatives in Brazilian cities located in three of the five Brazilian regions: Northeast (Fortaleza, CE), South (Joinville, SC), and Central-West (Brasília, DF). The findings indicated knowledge gaps in the area of HRM regarding labor market and labor relations. They observed the occurrence of similar HRM practices institutionalized by a common repertoire at different levels while unions were adapting to the new labor legislation in Brazil (enacted in 2017). The Covid-19 pandemic brought structural changes such as an increase in telework and adjustment to labor legislation and organization. It also brought behavioral changes and affected the worker's health. The study contributes a) theoretically by expanding the analysis of HRM under the institutional approach, b) methodologically by providing comparative research, and c) empirically by illustrating how HRM works in different regions of the country.

[The health control of employees in digitization conditions].

The article considers issues of health management of employees at workplace in conditions of globalization and digitalization of society, causing need to revise the labor relations. Under impact of global trends in field of digital technologies, transformation occurs concerning working environment and labor safety measures, contributing to development of new forms of interaction between employee and employer and employment models as well. The ongoing changes in society and global changes in labor market require to investigate new labor conditions, formation of system of knowledge about directions and perspectives for development of labor relations and human resources management. Nowadays, because of spreading of COVID-19 morbidity, increased attention is paid to health of employees and measures targeted to preventing morbidity are intensified. The need to work in new conditions dictates topical issues for scientific research in coming years: development of theory of new labor economy, investigation changes in paradigm of quality of labor life, well-being at workplace in conditions of digitalization of economy and formation of new employment model, digital generation of workers and new challenges in human resources management.The purpose of the study is to explore issues of health management of employees at workplace in conditions of globalization and digitalization. The implemented study permitted to conclude that problems of socio-psychological nature occurring in labor sphere in conditions of active transition to digital economy are complicated by increasing instability of labor relations and occurrence of new social economic and psychological risks at workplace that negatively effect on health and well-being of employees.

Is Russian Sociology of Labor Ready to Respond to New Challenges? (Analytical Review of Two Scientific Conferences)

This article provides an analytical review of two major conferences on sociology of labor, held in December of 2021 and March of 2022. The central problem was the precarity of work and the situation of employees given conditions of unstable employment caused by the coronavirus pandemic. The thematic continuity of the events made it possible to realize the persistence and scale of the precarity phenomenon both as a topic of sociological knowledge and as a social problem. In particular, it is shown that precarious work, being intrinsic to an increasing number of people of various professions, warps not only the social role of the employee, but also undermines the role of work as the valueand meaning-forming framework of human life. The empirical data presented by the speakers proved that precarious employment is becoming a new form of exploitation, since it means a relatively low price of labor, a decline in an employee's qualifications, a limited number of social guarantees, vulnerability in crisis situations. Remote work, something that has become widespread during the pandemic, has brought about not only certain advantages for both the employee and the company (efficiency, saving time and other resources, advanced training in the field of information technology), but also new forms of exploitation (extending the work day, using personal and familial resources for work, etc.). The article closes with conclusions regarding the potential demand for the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects of the scientific discussions held when it comes to counteracting the precarization of employment and labor relations. © 2022, Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

The Covid-19 pandemic and the vulnerability of tourism workers in Brazil

The Covid-19 pandemic, decreed in March 2020 by the World Health Organization - WHO, generated a global crisis affecting various economic sectors of society, including tourism with a reduction in the Nominal Revenue of Tourism Characteristic Activities - ACTs, generating unemployment, concomitant to the period of implementation of the Labor Reform of 2017. The objective of this article is to know the dynamics of employment in ACTs during the Covid-19 pandemic, considered a period of exception in the national context, to understand if there were or not a deterioration in the labor vulnerability situation and on the work in tourism from the analysis of the types of contracts in force during the years 2020 and 2021 concerning workers in general. It was chosen as a methodological path the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data collected in the New General Register of Employed and Unemployed - Novo Caged, by analyzing the balance of jobs in the ACTs, the profile of temporary and intermittent contracts from the variable gender in the mentioned period. Finally, the negative balance of jobs as a result observed in the first wave did not recover in the following period of the resumption of activities in the sector. As for precarious contracts, it was observed that these had a higher compound growth rate than those for an indefinite period, in which women were the majority.

Arbitrating "Just Cause" for Employee Discipline and Discharge in the Era of Covid-19

Raphael reassesses the limits of "just cause" during a current global health crisis that has the potential to fundamentally alter labor relations and the role of the modern labor arbitrator. The ethical consequences of this expanding role are then considered. She breaks down traditional theories for articulating "just cause" in light of changing historical conceptions of the limits of arbitral discretion. She concludes with how the current public health and labor crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic has the potential to expand the public role of the labor arbitrator in "just cause" discharge and discipline grievances. While additional arbitration issues are likely to arise in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, they are beyond the scope of this work.

Une tragédie pour le dialogue social? Comment le numérique a perturbé la dimension théâtrale du dialogue social lors du premier confinement lié à la COVID-19

Drawing on Goffman's writings, our article looks at how social dialogue evolves when the theater of interactions between unions and employers becomes digital, as was the case following the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on 23 interviews, our article highlights three effects of digital technology on the stage play of union actors: the loss of the theatrical character of speech, the isolation of actors and the desynchronization of their interventions. Our study also concludes that there is an overall impoverishment of backstage exchanges. This article contributes to the literature by showing how the remote mode modifies the power relations between unions and employers as well as the very nature of their relations.